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- SCIENTISTS RECONSIDER LIFE ON MARS 01/01/96
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- SAN FRANCISCO -- Scientists have revised their thinking in the more than two
- decades since the Viking missions to Mars sent back no signs of moisture or
- life on the red planet. Many now believe that perhaps Mars had life that
- became extinct. They are pinning their hopes on new missions that will once
- again look for signs of water, underground hot springs and the potential for
- life.
-
- "After Viking, there was a feeling we had been there, done that, and so much
- for looking for life," said Jack Farmer, a geologist and paleontologist with
- NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View.
-
- In the next round of explorations, scientists are heading out in search of an
- ancient biosphere that could be obscured in underground oases that Viking
- missed or in mineral deposits of now-dry lakebeds and channels.
-
- They'll have a few chances. Although the $1 billion Mars Observer was lost in
- 1993 before it could radio home some of the answers to Mars' great mysteries,
- smaller missions are upcoming.
-
- NASA has a Mars Pathfinder mission scheduled for launch in 1996, which will
- send a small rover to the Martian surface in 1997. It also has Mars Global
- Surveyor missions scheduled for launch in 1996 and 1998 to make observations
- of minerals and rocks from orbit.
-
- Russia also plans separate launches.
-
- Scientists are now paying more attention to evidence of the similarities
- between the geology of Earth and Mars more than 3.5 billion years ago. While
- life was forming on Earth, they believe there was water on Mars.
-
- "We think there are certain kinds of deposits...where we can capture evidence
- of life," Farmer said Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union meeting here.
-
- Knowing that the surface of Mars is below the freezing point of water,
- scientists now think that the only signs of water they'll see will be from
- peering below the planet surface, according to several of the 25 Mars-related
- presentations at the meeting.
-
- One of the biggest goals will be to find geologic evidence of hot springs and
- channels that could have sustained life. Studies on Earth have shown that
- certain primitive life forms can survive in the very high temperatures of hot
- undersea vents, as well as the very low temperatures of frozen tundra and the
- interior of cold desert rocks.
-
- "A hydrothermal system is inevitable on any planet with liquid water and
- volcanoes," said Everett Shock, a geochemist at Washington University in St.
- Louis.
-
- Carol Stoker, a planetary scientist with NASA's Ames Research Center, said
- upcoming explorations will require sophisticated robotics on rovers.
-
- Terrestrial tests have shown some of their remote-control limitations.
-
- During a test last February on Hawaii, instruments on a Russian rover equipped
- with the same instruments that will be carried on a 1998 joint Russian-French
- mission, completely missed a green plant just 6 inches from where they were
- pointed.
-
- "If you don't look at it, you don't see it," she noted.
-
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